Definition
A pilonidal cyst is a fluid-filled developmental defect at the base of the spine.
The terms cyst, sinus, and abscess refer to different stages of the disease process.
- Cyst—not infected
- Abscess—pocket of pus
- Sinus—opening between a cyst or other internal structure and the outside
While the cyst is not serious, it can become infected and may need to be treated if problems develop. When a pilonidal cyst gets infected, it forms an abscess, eventually draining pus through a sinus.
| Pilonidal Cysts |
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Causes
A pilonidal cyst may be congenital or acquired. If congenital, it probably began as a defect that existed at birth. Sometime later, the defect allowed an infection to develop. If acquired, it may be the enlargement of a simple hair follicle infection or the result of a hair penetrating the skin and causing an infection.
Risk Factors
The following factors increase your chance of developing a pilonidal cyst:
- Personal or family history of pilonidal disease
- Large amounts of hair in the region
- Midline skin pitsor deep gluteal cleft
- Tailbone irritation or injury
- Continuous bouncing in seated position, such as horseback riding or cycling
- Prolonged sitting
- Obesity
Symptoms
A pilonidal cyst may cause:
- Painful swelling over your sacrum, which is the area just above your tailbone
- A foul smell or pus draining from that area
Diagnosis
You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. You may be referred to a surgeon for treatment. There are no diagnostic tests required.
Treatment
Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. The choice of treatment will depend on the extent of the condition and your general overall health. Treatment options include:
Prevention
To help reduce your chances of a pilonidal abscess:
- Keep the area clean and dry
- Avoid sitting for a long time on hard surfaces
- Remove hair from the area
- Talk to your doctor about laser hair removal